Nathan and Oskis Hematology and Oncology of Infancy and Childhood

Nathan and Oskis Hematology and Oncology of Infancy and Childhood 8th edition PDF free download – That “blood is life” was appreciated by Empedocles in the fifth century BC. The theory that the vasculature contains blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile, all revealed when freshly let blood is permitted to separate, is attributed to Polibus, the son-in-law of Hippocrates. Servetus recognized the systemic and lesser circulations in the sixteenth century. He was burned at the stake, in part because he did not accept the dogma that blood must pass through the intraventricular cardiac septum. (Grant disapproval and, more recently, approval without funding have been substituted for immolation. The effects are not entirely dissimilar.) In view of the present growth of knowledge of hematology, it is remarkable to realize that the concept of the circulation of the blood was finally established by Harvey in 1628, not even 400 years ago. This began the clinical application of blood transfusion, of which Pepys wrote “it gave rise to many pretty wishes as of the blood of a Quaker to be let into an Archbishop and such like.” In the mid–seventeenth century, Swammerdam observed red blood corpuscles in the microscope and Malpighi discovered the capillary circulation in the lung and in the omentum. But it was not until the nineteenth century that the source of blood cell production began to be successfully explored. Houston suggested that red cells were derived from leukocytes in the lymphoid system. Zimmerman believed that erythrocytes were derived from platelets, an opinion shared by Hayem. Addison, perhaps not surprisingly, attributed red cell production to the adrenals, and Reikert finally suggested that red cells might be produced in the embryonic liver. In fact, it was not until 1868 that Neumann demonstrated that red cells arise from precursors in the marrow. The modern understanding of the physiology of hematopoiesis then began.